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Description
Demon with Two Chained Men (recto); Folio from a Jain Karma Series

Made circa 1850-1900
Opaque watercolor and ink on paper

This double-sided folio of grisly imagery is likely from a Jain karma series depicting the punishments in hell of evildoers.

This folio depicts a dark-skinned demon with horns, fangs, elephant ears, a long tail, sectarian forehead markings, gold jewelry, pearl necklaces and anklets, and red shorts. He holds the chains of two shackled naked men representing doomed souls. He is trampling one, while leading the other by the neck.

The didactic inscriptions on this work, albeit somewhat cryptic and inexact per the painted imagery, read as follows:

Do auspicious Dharma, occasionally would be hit
Later does bad deeds, thus get hit
Observe Dharma
To get result of it
Do Karma, offer Daan [offerings] to God and reduce sins

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